课题成果丨基于外刊语篇的高考“七选五”应试策略

本文系全国基础外语教育研究培训中心专项课题“外刊阅读对培养高中生思维品质的行动研究”的阶段性研究成果。

作者简介：

席  娜     山西榆次二中

刘慧君    山西榆次四中

宫志林    晋中市教研室

基于外刊语篇的高考“七选五”应试策略

随着新课改的推进，高考英语的命题内容与考查方向已经从对考生知识水平的考查转向对英语运用能力的考查，其中对考生英语阅读能力的考查占据了很大比重。通过对往年高考英语各题型题源的统计分析，我们发现高考英语各类型题的命题素材选用外刊原文的比重越来越大。高考英语命题对高中英语教学历来具有导向作用，在此背景下，学生的外刊阅读能力就成了其必备的学科素养。

《2019年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲的说明》（英语）对高考阅读理解中的“七选五”试题进行了如下表述：在一段约300词的短文中留出5个空白，要求考生从所给的7个选项中选出最佳选项，使补全后的短文意思通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。主要考查考生理解文章基本结构的能力。

语篇的两个重要特征是衔接和连贯。衔接是语篇结构中连句成段、连段成篇的语法手段（如指称、照应、替代、省略和逻辑连接等）和词汇手段（如复现关系、同现关系）。复现是通过原词、同义词或近义词、上下义词、反义词、代词和概括词复现来达到语义的衔接。而同现关系是指在一个语篇中，围绕着同一个话题、一定的词汇在语篇共同出现的倾向性。刘辰诞（2011）指出，衔接是连句成章的词汇和语法手段，连贯是采用这些手段所产生的结果。因此，连贯可以这样理解：如果语篇内部由一条条纵横交错的衔接关系联系起来，而且语篇在与语境的关系上保持语域上的一致性，那么这个语篇就是连贯的。

衔接是语篇微观分析，“有形网络”，它要求我们正确识别语篇的词义、语法结构和句际关系。连贯是语篇宏观分析，“无形网络”，它要求我们关注人物性格、故事情节、中心思想、段落大意和写作技巧。

笔者认为，如果想从根本上解决“七选五”，那么教师在阅读课上，应该先进行自我语篇分析，再在教学过程中渗透衔接连贯。

下面以实例说明语篇理论对高考“七选五”的重要意义。

实例1

2015年全国Ⅰ卷

词汇的指代(it, they, this, these, the all 等)

● Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences. _______ Trust is a risk. But you can’t be successful when there’s a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.

A . Learn to really trust yourself.

B . It is putting confidence in someone.

参考答案：B

It 指代前后句中提到的trust.

实例2

2012年新课标全国卷

Try taking these four steps the next time you are stressed:

(1) Get support. When you need help, reach out to the people who care about you. Talk to a trusted adult, such as a parent or other relatives. ____They might have had similar problems, such as dealing with a test, or the death of a beloved pet.

D. Ah, it feels so good when the stress is gone.

E. You need to figure out what the problem is.

F. And don't forget about your friends.

参考答案：F

文中They指代选项F中的your friends.

2019年英语高考全国Ⅰ卷（A卷）的“七选五”，是一篇来源于http://camping.com网站的文章，主要讲述了户外呼吸新鲜空气对人体的各种好处。题目考查了学生理解篇章布局，建立段内和段际关系的能力。下面进行详细分析。

实例3

2019年全国Ⅰ卷

Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?

We all grew up hearing people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air”.  36    According to recent studies, the answer is a big YES, if the air quality in your camping area is good.

  37   If the air you’re breathing is clean — which it would be if you’re away from the smog of cities — then the air is filled with life-giving, energizing oxygen. If you exercise out of doors, your body will learn to breathe more deeply, allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles (肌肉)and your brain.

Recently, people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing (治愈).   38   In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery. It turns out that just looking at green, growing things can reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and put people into a better mood(情绪). Greenery is good for us. Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead.   39   It gives us a great feeling of peace.

  40   While the sun's rays can age and harm our skin, they also give us beneficial Vitamin D. To make sure you get enough Vitamin D — but still protect your skin — put on sunscreen right as you head outside. It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and that's plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day's worth of Vitamin D.

A. Fresh air cleans our lungs.

B. So what are you waiting for?    

C. Being in nature refreshes us.  

D. Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.

E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?   

F. Just as importantly, we tend to associate air with health care.    

G. All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.

参考答案：36-40 EAGCD

为了方便大家理解，笔者对文本进行转码和提炼，文章的宏观结构就清晰起来了：

宏观结构：

由于本篇文章各段的主题句比较灵活，有的需要提炼，有的可以直接找出。

文章论点：Fresh Air is Really Good for You.

第二段分论点：Fresh air cleans our lungs.

第三段分论点：Being in nature refreshes us.

第四段分论点：Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.

这就是文章的连贯性。

微观结构：

从黄色词块可以看出，此篇文章大量使用了衔接手法。36题答案句中good和后面的a big YES及good，37题答案句中cleans和后面的clean、breathe及get to，39题答案句中refreshes和后面feeling of peace，40题答案句中sunlight和后面的sun's rays和sunscreen都形成呼应关系。38题答案句中Healing Gardens和后面these places形成替代关系。39题答案句中的Being in nature和后面的It构成指代关系。以上这些都属于词汇的复现和同现。基于语篇理论指导下的“七选五”分析，可以用简练的语言讲清，帮助学生理清文章宏观、微观结构，形成语篇衔接连贯意识，提高思维品质和培养英语学科核心素养。只有这样，任何类似的题，都可以“谈笑间，‘七选五’灰飞烟灭”。

下面再提供两篇外刊改编的“七选五”练习，供大家使用策略，巩固内化。

TEST 1

Modular construction involves making units, called modules, in closed, factory-like settings and then transporting them to the site. Even though the process has been around for decades now, in India the use of modular constructions has largely been restricted to purposes of interior decoration.    1  .

Tough and durable. Modular constructions make for strong, structurally sound and long-lasting modules that are resistant to damp, heat, fungi（菌类）and a host of other types of damage.    2   .

Low cost. Contrary to popular belief, modular homes are quite affordable. Homebuilders can save a lot on labor and future repair costs.

Less manufacturing time.   3   .Unlike on-site construction, modular construction uses assembly lines, which speed up the process. Delay due to weather conditions can be avoided.

Eco-friendly.    4  , the waste produced while building modular units is often recycled in house. This means less negative impact on the environment.

   5  . From making individual furniture units to walls, roofs, floors and even specific rooms or spaces, modular constructions are slowly finding application in commercial and non-commercial settings. “For residential spaces, however, modular units are mainly used to provide housing facilities for low-income groups because they are mass produced and more economical,” says Poddar.

A. A range of uses

B. Each module takes only a few weeks to build

C. Modular homes can offer significant advantages

D. Thousands of jobs have been lost in manufacturing

E. This is because there is no compromise on the materials used

F. The decoration of the modular constructions is taken months to complete

G. Unlike traditional construction methods that send large amounts of waste to landfills  

（参考答案：1—5 CEBGA）

TEST 2

You don’t have to break your back to create a yard that’s both beautiful and kind to Mother Nature. These environmentally smart ideas will turn your home turf (草地) into a little slice of Eden.    1   

Let the grass grow. Cut grass less often, so it gets a few inches longer than you’re used to.    2    That’s because roots will grow deeper and grass thicker, which means fewer pests, less disease, and a decreased need for chemical intervention.

Water the right way. Water before 10 a.m., when the air is cool and not as much moisture will be lost to evaporation.    3   Water near the base of plants, slowly delivering the good stuff right to the roots. For lawns, water long and deep once a week.

Get keen on composting (肥料). Compost isn’t called gardener’s gold for nothing. It keeps kitchen leftover out of landfills and enriches soil with much-needed nutrients.    4    Veggie and tea bags, eggshells, dry leaves, and untreated grass clippings are all fair game.

    5    Honeybees help pollinate (授粉) 75 percent of our flowering plants and nearly 75 percent of our food crops. There is increasing evidence that many of the vital pollinators are in decline. Creating a garden that includes plants that flower at different times of the year will benefit pollinators throughout the growing season. Whenever possible, choose native plants with a variety of flower colors and shapes.

A. Many will save your money too.

B. Dry leaves add nutrients to the soil.

C. Give bees the green-carpet treatment.

D. Make the backyard as beautiful as possible.

E. Watering in late afternoon is the next best option.

F. It also reduces dependency on chemical fertilizers.

G. It will help it survive dry periods of time in warmer months.

（参考答案：1—5 AGEFC）

参考文献

[1]胡曙中. 英语语篇语言学研究[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2005

[2]刘辰诞，赵秀凤. 什么是篇章语言学[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2011

[3]教育部考试中心，《2019年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲的说明》[M].北京：高等教育出版社，2018

*  此稿件已被《学英语 · 教学研究》第25期（总第2539期）第4版刊发。版权归作者和课题组所有。

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